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المصادر

• 1.USDA FoodData Central — Provides nutrient profiles for foods and drinks, including water, sugar, sodium, and potassium values used for practical hydration context.
• 2.U.S. National Academies (IOM/NAM), 2005 — Adequate total water intake of about 3.7 L/day for men and 2.7 L/day for women, including water from food and all beverages.Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate, Summary: water adequate intakes; drinks and food
• 3.Maughan et al., Beverage Hydration Index, AJCN 2016 — A controlled short-term study in 72 healthy, hydrated men compared urine output after 1 L of different drinks. Milk and ORS showed greater short-term retention; BHI is not a conversion to effective beverage volume or proof of long-term benefit.AJCN 103(3):717–723; abstract, methods and results (2-hour BHI and 4-hour cumulative urine)